Macdonell's Grammar

Macdonell's Grammar

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  • CONTENTS
  • 1. TABLE OF DEVANĀGARĪ LETTERS
  • CHAPTER I
  • 1. Sanskrit
  • 2. From the Vedic language
  • 3. A form of Scientific Writing
  • 4. The Devanāgirī alphabet
  • 5. The Vowels
  • 6. Sounds of Devanāgirī alphabet
  • 7. Anusvāra
  • 8. In writing the Devanāgirī alphabet
  • 9. Consonants
  • 10. When the five nasals
  • 11. If a consonant is immediately
  • 12. Modifications of simple Consonants
  • 13. List of Componud Consonants
  • 14. The Numerical Figures
  • 15. Pronunciation
  • CHAPTER II
  • 16. In Sanskrit
  • 17. Vowels are divided
  • 18. Combination of Final and Initial Vowels
  • 19. a and ā
  • 20. Liquid vowel
  • 21. The Guṇa Vowels
  • 22. The Vṛddhi Vowels
  • 23. Vṛiddhi instead of Guṇa
  • 24. Interjectional Particals
  • 25. The Vowels
  • 26. In the Epics
  • 27. The rules of Sandhi
  • 28. No word may end
  • 29. Place or organ of articulation
  • 30.Quality of Consonants
  • 31. Essential to remember
  • 32. Final Consonants
  • 33. k,ṭ,t,p
  • 34. Final t
  • 35. Since the nasals
  • 36. The dental nasal
  • 37. The only four
  • 38. Final t before palatals
  • 39. Final t before ṭ
  • 40. Final n before j
  • 41. Before ḍ
  • 42. Fianl m remains
  • 43. Final Visarga
  • 44. Visarga (except)
  • 45. The Final Syllable āḥ
  • 46. The Final Syllable aḥ
  • 47. r followed
  • 48. The two Pronouns
  • 49. bhoḥ
  • 50. Nouns
  • 51. Doubling of Consonants
  • 52. Fianl ṅ
  • 53. Initial ś
  • 54. Initial h
  • 55. If gh
  • 56. The rules of internal sandhi
  • 57. In many cases
  • 58. Final ṝ
  • 59. e, ai, o
  • 60. The most notable divergence
  • 61. Nominal or verbal
  • 62. Aspirates
  • 63. Palatals
  • 64. Cerebrals
  • 65. Change of dental n to cerebral ṇ
  • 66. The dental n
  • 67. Change of dental s to cerebral ṣ
  • 68. The labial m
  • 69. The soft breathing h
  • CHAPTER III
  • 70. Declension
  • 71. Normal Case Endings
  • 72. An important distinction
  • 73. The strong stem
  • 74. Nouns
  • 75. Unchangeable Stems
  • 76. Final consonants
  • 77. Stems in Dentals
  • 78. Stems in Labials
  • 79. Stems in Palatals
  • 80. Stems in Cerebrals
  • 81. Stems in h
  • 82. Stems in r
  • 83. Stems in s
  • 84. Changeable Stems
  • 85. Nouns with Two Stems
  • 86. The stems of the adjectives
  • 87. Adjectives formed with the suffix
  • 88. Comparatives
  • 89. Nouns with Three Stems
  • 90. Nouns
  • 91. Irregular Stem
  • 92. The root
  • 93. Adjectives in ac
  • 94. The beginner
  • 95. The feminines
  • 96. Irregular Nouns with Changeable Stems
  • 97. Stems ending in Vowels
  • 98. Stems in i and u
  • 99. Irregularities
  • 100. Stems in ī and ū
  • 101. Stems in ṛ
  • 102. Stems in ai, o,au
  • 103. Degrees of Comparison
  • 104. Numerals
  • 105. Declension of Cardinals
  • 106. Six
  • 107. Ordinals
  • 108. Numeral Adverbs and other Derivatives
  • 109. Pronouns
  • 110. Demonstrative Pronouns
  • 111. Pronominal roots
  • 112. Demonstrative pronoun
  • 113. Interrogative pronoun
  • 114. Relative pronoun
  • 115. Reflexive pronouns
  • 116. Possesive pronouns
  • 117. Compound pronouns
  • 118. Addind vat
  • 119. The interrogative ka
  • 120. Pronominal Adjective
  • CHAPTER IV
  • 121. Sanskrit verbs
  • 122. Five tenses
  • 123. The Present System
  • 124. The Ten Classes
  • 125. First Conjugation
  • 126. Second Conjugation
  • 127. Second or Ad class
  • 128. The Augment
  • 129. Reduplication
  • 130. Special rule of Reduplication for the Third class
  • 131. Terminations
  • 132. Paradigms
  • 133. Irregularities of the Prsent Stem
  • 134. Second Conjugation
  • 135. The Present Tense
  • 136. Singular perfect active is strong
  • 137. The Weak stem
  • 138. Paradigms of the Reduplicated Perfect
  • 139. Irregularities
  • 140. Periphrastic Perfect
  • 141. Aorist
  • 142. The other three forms
  • 143. Second or s-form
  • 144. Irregularities of the s-form
  • 145. Third or iṣ form
  • 146. Fourth or siṣ form
  • 147. Second Aorist
  • 148. Second Form
  • 149. Third or Reduplicated Form
  • 150. Benedictive or Precative
  • 151. Simple Future
  • 152. Periphrastic Future
  • 153. Conditional
  • 154. Passive
  • 155. Aorist Passive
  • 156. Participles, Grund and Infinitive
  • 157. Reduplicated perfect
  • 158. Ātmanepada and Passive Participles
  • 159. Perfect Ātm.
  • 160. Perfect Passive
  • 161. By adding the possesive suffix
  • 162. The Future Passive Participle
  • 163. Gerund or Indeclinable Participle
  • 164. Verb is compounded
  • 165. tya is added
  • 166. Rare Indeclinable Participle
  • 167. Infinitive
  • 168. Derivative Verbs
  • 169. Desideratives
  • 170. Special Rules of Reduplication
  • 171. Irregularities
  • 172. Intensives Frequentatives
  • 173. Reduplicative syllable take Guṇa
  • 174. gṛ awake
  • 175. Denominatives
  • CHAPTER V
  • 176. Indeclinable Words
  • 177. Prepositional Adverbs
  • 178. Case-notions
  • 179. Prepositional Gerunds
  • 180. Conjuctive and Adverbial Particles
  • 181. Interjections
  • CHAPTER VI
  • 182. Nominal Stem Formation and Compounds
  • 183. Gender for the Sanskrit Noun
  • 184. Verbal Compounds
  • 185. Nominal Compounds
  • 186. Co-ordinative Compounds
  • 187. Dependant Determinatives
  • 188. Discriptive Determinatives
  • 189. Possesive Compounds
  • CHAPTER VII
  • 190. Outlines of Syntax
  • 191. The Order of Words
  • 192. The Article
  • 193. Number
  • 194. Concord
  • 195. Pronouns
  • 196. The Cases
  • 197. Accusative
  • 198. Double Accusative
  • 199. Instrumental
  • 200. Dative
  • 201. Ablative
  • 202. Genitive
  • 203. Locative
  • 204. Anwering to the question
  • 205. Locative and Genitive Absolute
  • 206. Participles
  • 207. Present Participles
  • 208. Past Participles
  • 209. Future Participles Passive
  • 210. Indeclinable Participles
  • 211. Infinitive
  • 212. Tenses and Moods - Present
  • 213. Past Tenses
  • 214. Future
  • 215. Imperative
  • 216. Optative or Potential
  • 217. Benedictive or Precative
  • 218. Conditional
  • APPENDIX I - List of Verbs
  • APPENDIX II - Metre
  • APPENDIX III - Vedic Grammar
  • SANSKRIT INDEX
  • GENERAL INDEX
CONTENTS‎ > ‎

CHAPTER IV

121. Sanskrit verbs
122. Five tenses
123. The Present System
124. The Ten Classes
125. First Conjugation
126. Second Conjugation
127. Second or Ad class
128. The Augment
129. Reduplication
130. Special rule of Reduplication for the Third class
131. Terminations
132. Paradigms
133. Irregularities of the Prsent Stem
134. Second Conjugation
135. The Present Tense
136. Singular perfect active is strong
137. The Weak stem
138. Paradigms of the Reduplicated Perfect
139. Irregularities
140. Periphrastic Perfect
141. Aorist
142. The other three forms
143. Second or s-form
144. Irregularities of the s-form
145. Third or iṣ form 
146. Fourth or siṣ form
147. Second Aorist
148. Second Form
149. Third or Reduplicated Form
150. Benedictive or Precative
151. Simple Future
152. Periphrastic Future
153. Conditional
154. Passive
155. Aorist Passive
156. Participles, Grund and Infinitive
157. Reduplicated perfect
158. Ātmanepada and Passive Participles
159. Perfect Ātm.
160. Perfect Passive
161. By adding the possesive suffix
162. The Future Passive Participle
163. Gerund or Indeclinable Participle
164. Verb is compounded
165. tya is added
166. Rare Indeclinable Participle
167. Infinitive
168. Derivative Verbs
169. Desideratives
170. Special Rules of Reduplication
171. Irregularities
172. Intensives Frequentatives
173. Reduplicative syllable take Guṇa
174. gṛ awake
175. Denominatives

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